Pyeloplasty

Due to the blockage in one of the child's ureters, urine cannot flow easily from the kidney into the bladder. The blockage is usually present from birth, but occasionally may appear later. If the tube remains blocked, the kidney could stop working.

A pyeloplasty is an operation to remove the blockage in the tube (ureter) leading from one of the kidneys to the bladder. The operation under general anaesthetic and generally needs a stay for three to four days in the hospital.

Orchidoplexy

In the time before a male baby is born, the growing testicles have to travel from just below the ribs at the back, to their proper place in the scrotum. Sometimes one or both testicles do not get down as far as they should. Most often they lodge in the groins. Sometimes they are higher. Then they are called undescended or maldescended testicles.

The testes may come down by themselves in the first three months following birth. If they do not, an operation, called an Orchidopexy is needed.

Posterior Urethral (PU) Valve Fulguration

Posterior urethral (PU) valves are most common cause of severe urethral obstruction in male infants and make up 80% of intrinsic urethral obstruction in children.

Usually, they are congenital and are produced by mucosal folds in post urethra possibly due to a malformation of the urethral crest. Urethral valves may rarely occur in girls and are believed to be due to the persistence of the cloacal membrane. Rarely too, valves may occur in the anterior urethra.

Ureter re-implantation

The ureters are two tubes which carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. In some children, the ureters do not join the bladder in the correct place and this can cause a condition called vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Normally, valves between the ureters and the bladder prevent urine ‘backing up’ and flowing towards the kidneys. If the ureters do not join the bladder in the correct place, these valves can fail, allowing urine to flow backwards from bladder to kidney. This can damage the kidney and eventually lead to kidney failure.

If the child suffers from this condition, he will have to undergo the operation under a general anaesthesia. The surgeon makes an incision (cut) in your child’s lower abdomen (tummy) and disconnects the ureters. The surgeon then reattaches them to the bladder in the correct place. The end of the ureters joining the bladder is then surrounded by muscle, which strengthens the valves, reducing the chances of urine flowing back to the kidneys.

Augmentation Cystoplasty

Augmentation cystoplasty is a surgical procedure used in adults and children who lack adequate bladder capacity or detrusor compliance. Decreased bladder capacity or abnormal compliance may manifest as debilitating urgency, frequency, incontinence, recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs), pyelonephritis, or progressive renal insufficiency.

Any patient with marked reduction in bladder capacity or compliance may be a candidate for augmentation cystoplasty. Augmentation cystoplasty is considered when a patient has symptoms so severe that, despite medical treatment, the person's lifestyle is limited or when a person has such high-pressure urinary storage that the upper urinary tracts are at risk. Both neuropathic and non-neuropathic causes for bladder dysfunction exist in pediatric and adult populations.